Pope's Wooing of Anglicans Challenges Archbishop

From The Wall Street Journal via BabyBlue Online:

By DAVE KANSAS

Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams and Pope Benedict XVI are both noted theological scholars leading flocks through complicated times. In recent days, Archbishop Williams's already tough mission became even more difficult.

Archbishop Williams is the top official in the Church of England and the "first among equals" of the global church leaders that guide the 80-million-strong Anglican Communion. That puts him in the crucial position of holding the Anglican faithful together in the wake of the Vatican's surprise move this week to make it easier for disgruntled Anglicans to convert to Catholicism.

Anglican Times

Track major events in the history of the Anglican Church in North America.

1534 -- King Henry VIII founds the Church of England, naming himself as its supreme head, after Pope Clement VII refuses to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

1549 -- The Church of England issues the Book of Common Prayer, adopting more Protestant forms of worship.

1563 -- Under Queen Elizabeth the fundamental principles of Anglican doctrine -- the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion -- are defined.

1579 -- The first Anglican service in North America is conducted in California.

1607 -- The first permanent Anglican colony is founded in Jamestown, Va.

1685 -- King James II attempts to re-establish Catholicism in the British Isles.

1688-89 -- James II is deposed in the Glorious Revolution. Parliament passes the Bill of Rights, which constitutionally establishes that all monarchs must be members of the Church of England. Catholics are barred from public office.

1789 -- The Episcopal Church formally separates from the Church of England, so that the U.S. body does not have to recognize the authority of the British monarch.

1814 -- The Church of England appoints a bishop of Calcutta. This appointment is followed by the dispatch of bishops to the West Indies in 1824 and Australia in 1836.

1867 -- The first Lambeth Conference is held for bishops throughout the Anglican Communion to convene to discuss church matters. These conferences continue to be held once every 10 years, most recently in July 2008.

1910 -- The World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh lays the foundations for the Ecumenical movement, aimed at establishing ties between Christian churches.

1962-1965 -- The Second Vatican Council launches a new era of dialogue between Roman Catholicism and other Christian Churches.

1976 -- The General Convention of the Episcopal Church approves the ordination of women and a new prayer book.

2003 -- Rev. V. Gene Robinson of New Hampshire becomes the first openly gay Episcopalian priest to be elevated to bishop.

2006 -- Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori is elected the first female presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church.

2007 -- The Anglican Diocese of San Joaquin, Calif., becomes the first to claim separation from the Episcopal Church. Portions of three other dioceses later vote to disaffiliate.

Source: Wall Street Journal research

For several years, Archbishop Williams has attempted to unify an already divided global community of Anglicans. Internecine battles over same-sex marriage, the consecration of women bishops and the authority of Scripture threaten to splinter the world's third-largest Christian group.

But unlike Pope Benedict -- who has singular authority over 1.1 billion Roman Catholics -- Archbishop Williams lacks many tools to force cooperation among his church's factions. He can cajole and persuade, but in the end the many churches within the Anglican Communion have a great deal of autonomy, including the Church of England.

"What is he going to do? That's the $64,000 question," said Stephen Parkinson, director of Forward in Faith, an Anglo-Catholic advocacy group within the Church of England that has reacted warmly to the Vatican's move. "Does he try to hold it all together, or does he simply say bon voyage to those who want to take the Vatican's offer?"

Archbishop Williams couldn't be reached for comment. In a letter to Church leaders Tuesday, Archbishop Williams apologized for not alerting his colleagues sooner, but said he himself heard about the Vatican's move only at a "very late stage." He also issued a joint statement with the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster reaffirming the interfaith dialogue between the two Churches that goes back more than 40 years.

The Anglican Communion is one of the last vestiges of the old British Empire. Faith followed trade and the flag, planting the Anglican Church in far-flung places such as Singapore, Tanzania, Canada and South Africa. But the Anglican Communion, by design, has always had a more passive leadership structure, which permitted different forms of Anglicanism to flourish during its more-than-470-year existence.

This diversity, however, has become increasingly tough to manage. Anglicanism was established apart from Rome in 1534 by Henry VIII for several reasons, including the pope's refusal to offer him an annulment. Since then, the Church of England, the mother church of Anglicanism, has grown to include evangelicals, Anglo-Catholics and liberals, among others. The divergent views of each have become increasingly difficult to bridge.

Archbishop Williams, an amiable Welshman with a fondness for rugby, has found himself whipsawed by the winds of social change since ascending to his current position in early 2003. In that year, the Episcopal Church, the U.S. arm of Anglicanism, consecrated an openly gay bishop, sending the Anglican Communion into infighting that has shown no sign of letting up. Archbishop Peter Akinola, head of the Church of Nigeria and one of the most powerful members of the church who leads Africa's 40 million Anglicans, has repeatedly condemned Western Anglicans' move toward a more liberal interpretation of the Bible.

In a bid to keep the Anglican Communion together, Archbishop Williams has argued for a potential "two track" solution to the problems gripping both the Church of England and the Anglican Communion. The idea is that liberals would find common ground along one track and conservatives along another, but they would all remain under the big tent of Anglicanism.

"It helps to be clear about these possible futures, however much we think them less than ideal, and to speak about them not in apocalyptic terms of schism and excommunication but plainly as what they are -- two styles of being Anglican," Archbishop Williams wrote over the summer following the U.S. Episcopal Church's National Convention.

The Episcopal Church, one of the most important provinces in the Anglican Church, has been a challenge for Archbishop Williams since he took office. The Church has been active in backing socially liberal causes, drawing the ire of other Churches in the Communion, notably the large Churches in Africa.

Orthodox critics argue that he should be more assertive in facing down liberals, or at least in pushing for the establishment of "safe" places for those who dissented from such ideas as same-sex blessings and the wider consecration of women as priests and bishops.

The archbishop's two-track approach may be a tougher proposition in the wake of the Vatican's announcement. If enough conservatives take up the Vatican offer, it could diminish the need for two styles of Anglicanism. Ironically, some say that the Vatican's appeal could simplify the church's politics going forward. "This could be the answer to [Archbishop Williams's] prayers," said Forward in Faith's Mr. Parkinson.

Some progressives also think the Vatican move could help resolve the conflicts that have dogged the Church.

"The Vatican announcement this week, if you like, ought to take the heat out of the argument," said the Rev. Cannon Giles Goddard, chairman of the Inclusive Church, a liberal group in the Church of England. "Those opposed to the consecration of women bishops now have somewhere else to go, and that ought to make it easier for the Church of England to find a solution to that issue."

But that might also leave a smaller, homogenous Church behind. And evangelical conservatives with less natural warmth toward Rome are concerned that the Vatican may be peeling away a key ally. The many conservative groups within the Church, including Anglo-Catholics, have recently started working together under the banner of the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans. They endorse the idea of a two-track approach, giving liberals and conservatives separate oversight.

Said the Rev. Paul Dawson, a spokesperson for Reform, an evangelical group within the Church of England: "We want to retain these people in the Church of England and it could be done."

—Will Connors contributed to this article.